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To elucidate the pathogenetic significance of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific autoreactivity in a genetically and immunologically heterogeneous nonhuman primate model of multiple sclerosis, we analyzed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the outbred common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). One sibling each of 5 bone marrow chimeric marmoset twins was immunized with myelin derived from wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (WT myelin); the other sibling was immunized with myelin from MOG-deficient C57BL/6 mice (MOG -/- myelin). One twin pair developed acute EAE simultaneously; the 4 remaining twin siblings immunized with WT myelin developed chronic progressive EAE, whereas siblings of these 4 monkeys remained free of clinical disease signs. Many EAE-related abnormalities were identified in the CNS of both groups by magnetic resonance imaging and histologic analysis, but mean percentages of spinal cord demyelination were lower in monkeys immunized with MOG -/- myelin (8.2%) than in WT myelin-immunized animals (40.5%). There was a strong correlation between the development of overt clinical EAE and seropositivity for anti-MOG antibodies, but blood and lymph node T-cell proliferative responses showed no relationship to disease. These results indicate that the initiation of CNS inflammation and demyelination can take place in the absence of detectable autoimmunity against MOG, but the clinical progression and histopathologic severity depends on the presence of antibodies against MOG in this multiple sclerosis model.