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Background: Tuberculosis and malaria (TB/MP) co-infection generates severe pathology that affects the levels of cytokines and hemostatic parameters than either disease. Anti-TB treatment regimen involves phases of different drug cocktails that may additionally modulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines and hemostatic parameters. This study investigated the variations in the levels of hemostatic and inflammatory markers when compared between TB patients with and without malaria at pretreatment, intensive, and continuation phase treatment.

Method: In this cross-sectional study, 180 patients were recruited comprising; 35 TB-only and 25 TB/malaria patients at pretreatment, 36 TB-only and 24 TB/malaria patients at intensive phase treatment, and 27 TB-only and 33 TB/malaria patients at continuation phase therapy. P-selectin (P-SEL), platelet-activating factor (PAF), platelet factor-4, GP IIb/IIIa complex, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, IL-2, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and thrombopoietin (TPO) were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's rank correlation were applied for statistical test.

Results: At pretreatment, the median levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly lowered, while P-selectin (P-SEL), GP IIb/IIIa, and PAF were significantly increased in TB/malaria patients compared to TB patients without malaria. At intensive treatment, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2 were significantly higher, while IL-10 and PAF were significantly reduced in TB/malaria patients compared with TB patients without malaria. At continuation phase treatment, TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β, PF4, GP IIb/IIIa, and TPO were significantly reduced, while P-SEL was significantly increased in TB/malaria patients compared with TB patients without malaria.

Conclusion: Differences in the levels of inflammatory cytokines and hemostatic markers between TB patients co-infected with malaria and nonmalaria-infected TB patients vary with anti-TB treatment.